Abstract

Development induced displacement is a major concern in developing country like India, Where in the name of development one section of society has to sacrifice a lot and never get benefit of development. There are so many reports published even few states shown their interest to make proper policies to tackle the negative situation wherever development induced displacement will happen. But it’s been years concrete policies didn’t come on table so far where one side India want to be super power and asking investors to come and set up their business. To understand this development induced displacement, I tried to follow mixed methodology to ^get clear perspective regarding livelihood related issues which displaced people face and to understand the impacts when a coal mining projects come to any areas. Therefore this research study is based on Jharkhand where coal mining projects are coming in rapid way but no proper displacement related policies came to table. This Bermo village, where this research study has been done clearly shows how the impacts happened in the life of displaced people where they trapped in poverty cycle. And coming generation has to suffer a lot due to this coal mining because no policies have been made for displaced people. State has to take the responsibility of this displaced people. And it must understand the issue of displacement because they are singing numbers of MOU (Memorandum of understanding) which will force the weaker sections of society to live in poverty and tribal people are the one who are the most vulnerable who face a lots of challenges in coming time as tribal people always suffered in the name of development. This paper also highlights the basic amenities which displaced people need in urgent basis so that they can survive in better way after losing everything.

A. LAYING THE CONTEXT AND FRAME

If some particular marginalized community scarifies each and every time in the name of nation development and nation is gradually exploiting them rather than protect them then somebody has to define the concept of development in appropriate way so that only tribal community won’t suffer in the future and get justice from State. In the name of nation development government has always exploited tribal people to grab their lands, water, forest, nature everything which is an integral part of their life. History is witness that injustice has happened with tribal people when Aryan invasion in to this land then Mughal and then colonial came and exploited a lot. But it is surprising thing that even after India got independence tribal people are still exploited by state in the name of development. And whenever tribal resist against State injustice then government declare them anti- nationalist. State never thinks about displacement part even know very well that whenever one development project will come it will displace people. Therefore, it is very important to know why nation development is happening in the cost of tribal life who has already suffered a lot injustice from history due to diku {outsider people} (Dungdung, 2013).

Development induced displacement is a bitter truth which is accepted by world and we can know all this through so many policies which are made for displacement. But we have to understand about the main causes behind this development theory which is not fruitful for poor people in India. It is true that today’s economic markets are connected in global level due to globalization. According to David Harvey, Neoliberal market is forcing poor countries to follow what developed countries are saying to do and making displacement very devastating for poor society especially for tribal community’s people. Development induce displacement is not only Indian issues rather it is a global issue. Nearly 60 million people worldwide were forcibly displaced at the end of 2014 in a year, representing the highest number of people ever recorded that have been driven to leave their homes [Welsh, 2015]. “I was astonished to know that “Since last three decades, in India around 10 million people per year were forced to displace and between this periods 200 million people has been displaced in world level.”[Parasuraman, 1999].

When we talk about development, people always think about betterment work would be happen for local people who always scarifies the most. But when I saw a coal mines project came to Bermo village where local people were the one who suffered a lot in the name of their development will happen. I always wanted to create a value chain among government or private organization which always claims to provide development to local people through development projects. But reality is just opposite to that, Therefore trying to understand what is development and why displacement process is so negative not only in Bermo village but all over the country as well as in the world.

Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females. The sex ratio is 947 females to 1000 males. The population consists of 28% tribal peoples, 12% Scheduled Castes and 60% others [census 2011]. As per 2011 Census of India Bermo had a population of 17,401, of which 9,086 were males and 8,315 females. Scheduled Castes numbered 2,764 and Scheduled Tribes numbered 1,128.[1]

As per 2011 Census of India, Phusro Urban Agglomeration had a total population of 186,139, of which males were 97,665 and females 88,874.Phusro Urban Agglomeration is composed of Phusro (NP), Bermo (CT), Jaridih Bazar (CT), Bokaro (CT) andKurpania (CT).

As of 2001 India census, Bermo had a population of 16,954. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Bermo has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 61% of the males and 39% of females literate. 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Central Coalfields Limited (CCL) is a sub unites of Coal India Limited (CIL), currently operational for coal mining project at Bermo.

Some researchers have been done through many scholars on development induced displacement in different cases. Why I want to study or we can say there is scope of study for this research topic because coal is a mineral resource and government or private organization always needs it in large amount. Supply of coal is not a onetime requirement for any government or private organization but it is all time requirements for all the organization whose business model runs through coal. And the best interesting part is that when concept of neo-liberalism came to exist in the economy, it creates a huge market for all the big private players to get coal minerals as much as they can get it. So the way government as well as private organizations are extracting the coal so earn highest profit.

In the name of development tribal people always got injustice from corporate houses as well as from state. after bifurcation from Bihar, when Jharkhand state came to existence then tribal people had hope to get benefits of development from government but after 16 years of state formation nothing fruitful things happened for tribal people. Ironically, in the name of development Jharkhand government is signing memorandum of understanding (MOU) for corporate house to set up industries and one side more than 15 lacs tribal people has been already displaced in development projects but government is not thinking on those issues even though Jharkhand state is made for tribal welfare state (Dungdung, 2013).

Even after so many study done by many scholar on development induced displacement but no concrete detail policies came to follow and ultimately who are suffering those don’t have representation in Indian democracy. Dams, mines, power plants, industries, parks and sanctuaries forced people in to displacement in large way and local people have to leave their traditional habitats. Displacement always happens voluntarily and involuntarily resettlements in the other places where displaced people have to adjust in new social and physical environment which most of the time trap this people into poverty. And 25% displaced people have been rehabilitated so far only in our country and even government is taking this issue casually (Parasuraman, 1996).

In India, it is very sad that government never made any concrete policies regarding displacement. Even every government knows clearly that one development project create huge amount of displacement and displaced people has to suffer a lot. It shows lack of political willingness where government as well as industries always believe to earn more and more benefits. In simple words, neoliberal economy talks more one capital perspective rather than socialist perspective. And due to globalization the whole world is connected to each other and always looking for such market where state is weak and will support them to do their business. India is the one such market where entire want to do business and therefore government is also easing the business investment. In India, FDI is coming on those states where mineral resources are riche and therefore, tribal communities are the one who has to face lots of challenges. Hope state will give some important on these points and make one concrete policies related to developed induced displacements. Jharkhand is mineral rich state where politician is not showing that much of interest in related to develop projects induce displacements because somehow it will decrease the speed of investments which government is signing a number of memorandum of understanding. There are so many reports have been published by many scholars and some point of time government show their interest but due to political weakness they always try to avoid for next government. Because they know very if they will make clear policies in development induce displacement then government or industries has to bear all the expense which they always try to avoid. May be government follow this kind of tendencies only because tribal and other minority population never raise their voices or government may believe they are the weaker section of the society. Hope in future, government will make a concrete plan regarding displacement induce displacement in any areas which affects the people.

First thing any industries or government which are suppose to acquire lands must do some basic survey regarding the life style of people and how they live in those places and according to that government or industries must provide rehabilitation to all.Because the entire government or industries project take environmental clearance which is necessary to set up industries. So when industries are so much sensitive regarding their project clearance than why not also give that much of importance for people who are supposed to displace in that location.

There must be a committee to form who will do proper survey and specifically take ownership of rehabilitation part of displaced people. Must insure health, life insurance kind of coverage for at least initial stages of rehabilitation so that people will get motivation to resettle in new locations comfortably.

In any displacement scenario local people lost their ancestral lands which were everything for them. So government must insure to provide sufficient and fertile land so that people can build their survival land again. Compensation for land must calculate little higher in rural areas because all the study clearly shows that in rural areas destitute situations have increased to not give proper remuneration. There is a contradict situation arises about industries always pay higher amount in urban areas but never pay good amount in rural areas when they acquire any land. Even they know that they will earn good profits from both the locations.

After displacement, the condition of poor become more vulnerable compare to their previous situation. If industries feel they don’t have skills that are the reason they are not getting jobs in the industries then company must insure to teach them skills and allow them to work in their industries. When we see the situation any new location people used to does their traditional work but suddenly displacement force them to do or adjust in different work. So suddenly any company can’t expect that local people must have specific skills which must suit with the organizations. All the local people would have been talented that’s the reason they are able to survive till that.

One major concern which came to in study that industries are not able to generate that many of jobs which agriculture do. So when any industries come to rural areas they must think about this part also because industries always made promise that they are coming for local benefits but reality is different all companies set up their projects for their benefits first then they think about others.

Government must clear policies on rehabilitation and resettlement for displaced people and compensation money must evaluate every years keeping in mind about inflation at least so that displaced people can get correct market price during the any projects.

It is surprise to see that all the development projects come to those places where people live happily and destroy their culture, lifestyle and most of the time forced for destitute. It is totally violation of fundamental rights which our constitution has given and when we specific talk about tribal issues it is more devastating. But one thing which struck during this research thesis about development induced displacement then realizes development for whom? People who are already developed or people who are poor but happy to live in their own places. It is hard facts and above literature clear indicates that government never takes displacement seriously which is dangerous for democratic country. Compensation is just not a monetary support for displaced people it may be giving them a chance to live in this country once again. Because losing their everything in the name of development create doubt on them that if they are not getting benefits from projects then who are?

B. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The study of this research will highlight the major issues of development induced displacement through coal mines and how would be the severe of impact for those marginal community who had already in poverty cycle. That’s the reason even though some research had been done on livelihood issues due to coal mining but why this research is also covering livelihood issues because whenever any coal projects starts happens for most displaced the local people and these local people always look for alternative livelihood option because first priority of the marginal community to manage two times food for family is a biggest challenge for any poor. So through this research we brought the objectives in specific two major core areas which must see through scientific way. For the research, the field area is based on Bermo village which comes under Bokaro district, Jharkhand. There are two three major coal mines are in operation but this research study is based on Bermo no.4 village and nearby some areas where people have shifted. The key objectives are (I) to study the coal mining whether it provides sustainable livelihoods to local people and (ii) to examine the impacts/affects of the coal mine project on local people. Some research questions which emerged through this research study; Does coal mining support/ provide sustainable livelihoods? ;What are the impacts/affects of this coal mine project on local people?

There is no single respondent who is minor in terms of age. It was researcher research design that at least more than 22 years old age people must identify and do the survey to get proper information. 100% respondents are quite mature enough to discuss on this coal mine project and give their input about the projects. Why researchers chose to take respondents more than 22 years old because this DD mine coal project has started in 1999 and researcher was looking for those people who has understanding regarding what is happening with them due to this coal mine projects.

It was a major challenge which researcher faced to interact with women who suffered a lot during this rehabilitation process and livelihood option for their family. But above data clearly shows that men were more willing to engage in this issue rather than women. Because male respondent clearly told that this a political issues and they don’t want his female family members say anything in this issue. So when researcher went to collect data to look the entire perspective but unfortunate 95% male respondent shared their struggle experience with researcher and only 5% of the women shared their struggle about how they struggle to get livelihood option for them.

C. AN OVERVIEW OF UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS ON THE LIVES OF PEOPLE DUE TO COAL MINES

Researcher has collected the data through qualitative as well as quantitative method. So the first part of data analysis would be quantitative which mostly focused on livelihood parts of displaced people. And second part of data is qualitative which is fully based of unstructured interview taken from the displaced people which is explaining about the impacts happened after coal mine project came to their village. So there are some major themes came through the data analysis of unstructured interview which is explained in the below.

Economic impacts after displacement: The main impacts which always happens in any development projects which is economical impact of the displaced people. Local people have to leave all the properties and have to settle in other location and all knows what kind of support people got from corporate or governments in any development projects. So there are some points which came through the data collection about their condition of economical after displacement happened.

Employment: It is disheartened process of all the industries which make some false promises to get lands from the local people and once the project starts industries’ people never fulfill their promises which they committed with local people. Like the CCL has made promise that they will provide jobs to local people if project comes to here. Local villagers who were innocents and agreed to give their lands so that they will get a government job. But after getting lands not a single villagers got any kind of jobs in the coal mine project. Officers of CCL also promised about some manufacturing unit will come to exist with tie up TATA steel but no manufacturing unit opened nearby project. Villagers feel cheated when they talk about the coal mine project. At least people were happy before this DD mine (name of the coal mine) coming to their village because people has different kinds of sources through which they used to earn employment. They had shops, agriculture land, animals through which they are quite happy. Villagers had aspiration to provide better life standard to their children because there were some areas of the village where some CCL employees live and these employees used to work in different coal mines project. So other villagers who didn’t have permanent jobs thought to give their lands to CCL and get a permanent job to live in better way.

Compensation: villagers are very angry on compensation policy of CCL which harmed them a lot and still they are suffering from their compensation policy. Villagers shared their bad experiences that when this coal mine project came to their village at that time labour unions as well as some local political parties people claimed to represent the entire village and they will negotiate regarding compensation for the village people. So what happened in ground is that these representing people got huge money to make villagers understand that this project will help them and it is coming for their development. Therefore, villagers were not happy to get Rs.12000/- for each room per house to get. The most interesting part came later when officers started giving cheques to the villagers intentionally because officers knew very well that most of the villagers don’t have Bank access and most of the villagers are illiterate. Sometime incidents also came to limelight that some villagers got check but it was bounced so villagers had to follow the same procedure one more time which really create huge problem for them.

Land: To have land means a lot for villagers in any village in India. in Bermo village when this coal project started it first cover those areas where they expected to be the most availability of coal but in initial stage they were wrong and CCL didn’t get ample amount of coal on those areas. Those areas were residential areas so most of the population lost their houses and shops rather than farming land. But gradually without any prior plan they shifted their project to those areas which they never claimed to be encroached but they did and fortunate they got coal on these areas and from that the fight against giving lands started. There were so many other reasons which cost villagers to lose their land. When villagers shared their geographical location which they used to live is quite interesting for everybody. Most of the population was migrated who settled in the British made houses or make their own houses in those areas. But the houses design was very spacious for people and they used to run small shops in front of their houses as well. So officers claim that villager lost their houses and for that we have given compensation because government officers used to say all lands are government land and they are giving compensation amount from their sides to not harm anyone and villagers can shift another places with proper manner.

Social impacts after displacement: Most of the time industries and government always see displacements in terms of economic perspective and therefore, always stuck on compensation part rest displaced people can manage. But they never thought about social impact of that community. so there are some points which came through this research study which is very important to considered in displacement so that government can make a proper policies for rehabilitate them otherwise state is also violating the fundamental rights of displaced people.

Drinking water: People cannot survive without water in this earth and it is one of the necessity things which all the people, animals and ecological system need it. So when this coal mine project started, no one knew what would be the negative consequences for village. But two years latter villagers started feeling regret to give their lands for this coal mine project. Because after two years CCL destroyed water storage house from where villagers used to get supply water. CCL also did promise that they are looking a new place to build a new water storage house in the place of old one. But still this promise has never fulfilled even today. This project started in 1999 and in 2001-02 they destroyed the water storage house. After that people started facing scarcity of water because CCL wanted to torture villagers so that they can get as much land as they want. Even this year when researcher was collecting data at that point of time villagers are getting water after 3-4 days later in a week and in summer people get supply water after one week. Second thing the supply water which provides by CCL is very dirty because they are providing water directly through bore well and due to electricity issue villagers never get water in time.

Health: Health issues increased drastically in the Berom Village. People are facing breathing problem especially for senior persons and children. People are also suffering from new kind of diseases due to this coal mine. Researcher also discussed with some local clinic in the market about health status of people who have been displaced. According to them due to dust and pollution patients from Bermo village are coming a lot. There is a limited government hospital and condition of that is not good so if somebody has emergency and can afford cost expenses then always prefer to go Bokaro district or Ranchi which is quite far from Brmo village. One interesting thing which most of the clinic people told that people who are staying in the Bermo village where mine is in operation from that part people have health issue and rest other areas people don’t have such health issues like Jaridih Bazar which is hardly 2-3 km far away from Bermo village and it is market place for nearby Bermo village and people of Jaridih Bazar doesn’t have much problem with health issues. so it shows clearly that coal mine dust and heavy trucks vehicle made people life hell and due to this people who are poor became destitute.

Pollution: Pollution is something which common people can easily know whether pollution level has increased or not. In Bermo village pollution level increased in saturation level where local people will see nothing but dust only. All the heavy vehicle and heavy explosive work is going on in the coal mine. Even there is no rule about how much tone weight one truck can take coal from mine. Even DD Mines comes under backward areas and people are not aware about all this so all the private contractors do all the legal things which they must not do like never check the air pollution pipe of trucks and never maintain engines even if it is polluting the air because they feel they are not going to suffer and truck driver never force truck owners because they feel if they ask to maintain this things he will not get his salary. Due to private contractors of all the trucks, they always ask for take over load coal to earn more profits but they never see, due to over load of truck some part of coals fall in the roads and later on those coal becomes dust and pollute the air.

Electric supply: Electricity is the most important which Bermo village people expect to get for 24X7 hours because if electricity is there in the village means people will get supply water on time. But it is bad luck for the village that every day 3 hours of power cut provision is made by CCL to maintain the transformers of the nearby areas. But even though there is provision to cut 3 hours power cut in the village but company always cut the power whenever wish and every day more than 5-6 hours villagers never get electricity. In summer weather the situation becomes more horrible for villagers because sometime people of the village don’t get power for more than 24 hours and it is true and they always give transformers are not working. Even though there are two thermal plants which supply 24X7 hours electricity to cities but not to village show how power structure work in the system. Villagers never ask electricity for luxury items to use but they expect for getting supply water on time so that they don’t have to go outside areas which are far from village to bring water. The biggest challenge for women of this village is to manage the water and due to this most of the time women have to wait entire day their houses. So now study shows how important electricity is for village because bore well is direct connect with motors and motor need electricity to run.

Education: During 2000 – 2010 of the years villagers never gave importance to send their children to schools for study, may be this was not their fault because there was no environment for education to provide children. But nowadays trend has changed a lot family members want to send their children for study because some students set the bar to get jobs in baking sectors and some government organization which is motivating parents to send their children to school but the biggest hurdle which family members are facing is the there is shortage of governments schools. Early there were four government schools but due to coal mine projects all the four schools had been demolished and two schools are rebuilding on such places where parents don’t want to send their children. Villagers have given number of reason why they don’t want to send their children to those schools. The first reason is the new building of schools is made near coal mine so who will the responsibility if something happen to children because there is no any proper road connectivity till school to reach. New school is situated very far from the village which is another excuse for parents as well as children for not to go schools.

Political impacts after displacement: This is the one aspect which is totally ignored by anyone who comes for set up any development projects. Local people never gets chance to participate what kind of development they want rather what industries want you to be follow.

Protest (Agitation): In democratic country if nobody want to listen people voice then they have to come outside and show their anger against any injustice which they are facing. Same thing people of Bermo village had to do protest against CCL many times for blocking their basic needs which are fundamental rights of this county for any citizen. The main interesting part is the most of the time women were the one who agitated against CCL for fair compensation, lands for rehabilitation and water, electricity etc. according to villagers CCL doesn’t want to provide water and Electricity properly so that people can leave the places and they don’t have to face any trouble to continue their project.Recently CCL forced people to vacant the land because they found some source of availability of coal in that areas which was not come under their approved plan. But it is hard fact that CCL never follow rule and regulation when this DD mines project came to exist and therefore always villagers have to come outside for agitation to fulfill their demands.

Environmental Effect: Environment affected a lot due to this coal mine project because ecological system impacted a lot and therefore birds, animals are almost vanished from the areas. People are also realized that lots of trees have been cut and due to this pollution level also increased a lot. Even local people openly told that this DD mines has never taken correct permission from environment clearance and continue the mine with political connection. Negative environment severely happened in the village. Ground water level suddenly went down which has impacted the wells, bore as well ponds and due to this also animal and birds are already vanished. Early there was nothing but trees but today a huge amount of trees have cut to dig the coal and due to this also environmental happened.

Researchers’ observation: Being a researcher, it is very important to observe the things very carefully and relate with theory which the research study is looking for. There are many things which came into limelight which somehow respondents and questionnaire missed it out. So there are some points which is very important to included in this research study.

Indirect loosing livelihood: It is a common thing that research scholar studies those things which are visible for them or we can say researcher always do epistemology study rather than ontological study. So when researcher has approach some people informal way to understand those who were dependents on those people who lost their lands and shops. It was quite surprise for researcher to know this that they were more affected than those who lost lands and shops. Like washer man who was totally depended on other people but due to displacement people scattered in different locations and due to this these washer men have to do daily wage labour work to feed two times food to their family members. Same with shoemaker, barber etc. these are the people which lost everything because CCL never thought about this point of view and they didn’t get fair compensation from the company. Currently farmers are losing their lands because coal reserve sources are coming from these areas of Bermo village and due to this daily wage labourers who used to get daily wage in agriculture now won’t get. And if farmers won’t grow agriculture then how market people will sale something to this farmers. So in large context government as well as any corporate house never show willingness to rehabilitate displaced people properly.

Addict to Alcohol: Due to losing everything, villagers are not able to come out from poverty trap and due to this they became addicted to intoxication especially of Alcohol. There is one another reason, people lost their properties due to this coal project so some households started making local alcohol and selling it so supply of alcohol became so normal that most of the villagers drink alcohol daily basis to avoid facing society and sometimes don’t want to see the pain of their family members. Most of the villagers have complain that they didn’t get any job from this coal mine project and due to this people who got some compensation money spent in some other needy things in expectation that they will get jobs or employment through this coal mines. At least earlier families were before because everyone was engage from each other so everybody was getting earning opportunity. Let’s take an example of auto people, earlier they had proper root to go and earn daily some money but nowadays they are not earning anything because they are not getting customers so they became addict to alcohol. Even one common trend is that if people don’t have money they will manage money from borrowing and then they will drink. So now we can imagine how one coal mine project destroyed the life of so many people.

Some people were very emotionally attachment with their old home so for them adoptability in new environment was very challenging. For some people it was big trauma only because they didn’t get proper rehabilitation. And therefore, they became used to drink alcohol.

Women struggle: In this research study women perspective didn’t come as much as researcher were expecting. May due to custom or culture didn’t allow them to come forward and share their experiences. But during research study, researcher found that women had to face lots of struggle due to this coal mine.

1. How to manage water for day to day work

2. How to manage livelihood for family

3. How to manage addict husbands.

There are some more points will come when talk about women struggle in displacement time. But researcher didn’t get opportunity to take any interview with women. However one thing was very clear those women of Bermo village to go far places for arranging waters which is the most important thing to survive in this earth.

No Fifth schedule implemented in tribal areas: Researcher was surprise to know that being the tribal population was there in the Bermo village but provision of fifth scheduled was not follow by the CCL. It is violating the rule of fifth scheduled. May be majority population is not tribal in the village but they exist in the village so it must be followed by the CCL.

Table 1. Case Study One

Table 2. Case Study Two

Table 3. Case Study Three

Table 4. Case Study Four

Table 5. Case Study Five

Table 6. Case Study Six

Overall, when see the above themes which came through respondents clearly show that how the basic amenities have been denied to provide displaced people. Water, Electric and education is the basic things for which displaced people always suffered. Apart from this, displaced people didn’t get any sustainable job in this development project which they claimed in the initial stage of land acquisition time. When I tried to ask with officers they straight forward told that people didn’t have proper skills that’s the reason they didn’t offer jobs to them.it shows the lack of transparency and political will of state make vulnerable people more vulnerable.

D. CONCLUSION

The study was done to understand about the livelihood issues of local people as well as what kinds of impact happened after displacement due to coal mines.

The major challenges which came during displacement are so many but if this study focus on livelihood perspective of displaced people it was and even today condition is very pathetic in terms of livelihood options for local people. Since this project is started in 1999-2000, more than 16 years and local people didn’t any jobs as well as CCL couldn’t create any jobs for them. So it would be good if any development projects provide stable livelihood options for those who have been displaced either voluntarily or non- voluntarily. The main reason behind not getting the jobs in this coal mine project reason given by people that they didn’t have any technical skills which CCL was looking for so all the jobs created through this projects went to outsiders who had some kind of specific skills related to mind. But company never shared this in the beginning of the project with local people that they will offer jobs to those people who had specific skills related to coal mines.

One thing is very clear from this study that there is no proper planning or survey happens regarding compensation and Rehabilitation because company didn’t want to increase its cost expenses. There was not a single effort shown by CCL to rehabilitate those who were displaced and they were very poor. Even there was not a single meeting happened with villagers regarding rehabilitation. CCL just did one good thing to show some locations which was not exactly condition to be living standard but people settled down on those locations anyway. Company or state has to understand only giving some amount of compensation money can’t rehabilitate displaced place properly.

Even though coal mine project came to Bermo village but local people didn’t get any benefits in terms of their social condition didn’t change. Even condition became more pathetic for them due to families are shifted to different places. It was very challenging for all people to again live in harmony with mixed community.

People has expectation about their economic status will change if they will get jobs in the coal mine projects but nothing happened for local people. Outsiders people somehow got some benefits in terms of engineers, fitters, machines operators even though local students were qualified and had training on specific areas according to coal mine projects. Due to too much expectation of people from this projects they became helpless and became alcohol addict which also decreases the economic standard of people. Displaced people were forced to do daily wages works and for this they had to go far places, earlier at least daily wage labourer used to get work in nearby areas but today everything has destroyed and they are not getting works in near areas.

Politically this displaced people became non- participatory in terms of any political poll because they feel CCL has cheated as well as government also supported. So these displaced people don’t have trust on any political parties. People have angry on themselves against local politician and labour union that always supported CCL and got some benefits from company.

It is a common concern of people from industries or government that before setting up any projects make lots of promises for displaced people but once the projects got set up nothing happened for displaced people in positive way. the first must major promise that if this project will come then local people are the one who will get jobs and everything but such kind of thing never happens in most cases. Here also, in this project officers told the people that they will get jobs once the project will come to Bermo. People were very excited and happy and willfully given their lands. But actually what happens, local people didn’t get any jobs as well as not get proper rehabilitation. And second thing alternative livelihoods never created for displaced people. Therefore they are the one who are most vulnerable. In above data which is collected clearly show that 14 household who didn’t have any jobs didn’t get any jobs so question arises who got the jobs which this coal mine project came to operation.

People are losing their faith from government and industries in the name of their developments. Because state always promises that they are with people but when it comes to development projects always isolate common people and try to profit corporate houses. It is very dangerous for any democratic country. Government must insure about rehabilitation and compensation for the displaced people so that they don’t fall in poverty trap. In above data, it clearly indicates about how people who lost their land and properties are forced to live in poverty which is not good for any development project.

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